Patellar hollow test(for every small quantity of fluid).In a normal knee,flexion creates a hollow lateral to patellar ligament which disappears with further extension.However,the presence of extra intraarticular fluid is diagnosed by the disappearance of the hollow at a lesser angle of flexion.
Bulge test also for small quantity of fluid.This is demonstrated by pressing the medial side of the joint to empty the medial compartment and then quickly compressing the lateral side afterwards.The presence of a ripple observed on the medial surface shows the presence of effusion.
Patellar tap(patella ballotment) for moderate amount of fluid.Apply pressure to obliterate the suprapatellar pouch while the thumb and the fingers palpate laterally and medially respectively.With the other hand press the patella sharply downwards onto the femur and release.A positive teat result when the patella sinks and springs up.
Cross fluctuation.The left hand compresses and empties the suprapatellar pouch while the right hand steadies the front of the joint.By squeezing with each hand alternately,a fluid impulse is transmitted across the joint. -- Composite Start -->
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July 17, 2015
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